Living with Provisional Truths: Why Our Models of Reality Are Only Maps, Not the Territory

We humans have an uncanny confidence in our senses. We assume that what we see, hear, and touch reflects the actual nature of the world. The solid feel of a rock, the blue expanse of the sky, the warmth of a fire—these seem unquestionably real. Yet, as cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman argues, our perceptual systems did not evolve to show us the truth. They evolved to keep us alive.

Evolution’s Priority: Survival, Not Truth

Natural selection rewards organisms that survive long enough to reproduce. That’s it. The evolutionary “scorecard” has no bonus points for uncovering the fundamental nature of reality. Our senses evolved to highlight features of the environment that mattered for fitness—food, mates, threats—not to deliver a faithful representation of the world “as it is.”

A spider perceives vibrations through webs, a bat echoes landscapes through sound, and a bird sees colors invisible to us. Each species lives in a bubble of perception tuned to its survival. Why should humans be different? Our senses provide a user interface, not a God’s-eye view.

A Forest Lesson with Princess

I recall one morning in the peat swamp forest, walking with Princess, the young orangutan who I had adopted as my daughter and who become both student and teacher to me. The air was heavy with humidity, the kind that makes every step feel deliberate. My eyes darted to the shadows, wary of snakes or unseen roots that might trip me. To me, the forest was an obstacle course of mud, terrestrial leeches, fire ants 

and tangled vegetation.

Princess, by contrast, moved with a calm assurance. She paused often, gazing up into the canopy with that long, thoughtful “fruit stare” I came to know so well. At first, I thought she was simply daydreaming. But then I noticed how her gaze lingered on a cluster of leaves I hadn’t noticed—leaves that, to her, signaled ripening fruit. She was reading the forest in a language I barely understood.

In that moment, we inhabited the same physical space but lived in radically different perceptual worlds. My reality was filled with hazards; hers was filled with opportunities. Neither was the “true” forest in any ultimate sense. Each was a provisional model, tuned to our survival needs, guiding us through the complexity of the same swamp.

That lesson stayed with me: reality is filtered, framed, and sculpted by the perceiver.

Provisional Working Models

If our perceptions are survival tools, not truth-revealing instruments, then our beliefs built upon them must be handled with humility. What we think of as “reality” may be more like a desktop interface on a computer. The little blue folder icon is not “truth”—it is a useful representation that hides the messy complexity of code and circuits. Likewise, our belief systems are models—provisional guides that help us navigate life.

This means our cherished concepts—time, space, causality, even matter itself—may not reflect ultimate reality. They are scaffolding that allows us to orient ourselves in the flow of existence. They work until they don’t, and when they don’t, we revise them.

The Value of Provisionality

Seeing our beliefs as provisional does not mean falling into nihilism or relativism. It means cultivating openness. Science advances precisely because models are treated as temporary approximations, subject to refinement or replacement. Personal growth, too, often requires loosening our grip on fixed ideas, allowing room for new insights to emerge.

Provisionality also nurtures compassion. If others’ truths are also models shaped by limited perception, then disagreement need not be threatening. We can meet each other with curiosity instead of hostility, recognizing that all of us are fumbling toward understanding.

Living the Question

As Hoffman suggests, perhaps reality is not built of objects in space and time at all, but of deeper structures—networks of conscious agents, fields of potentiality, or something we have yet to imagine. Whether or not such theories hold, one lesson endures: we should carry our beliefs lightly.

Living with provisional truths allows us to live with questions, to adapt, and to wonder. It acknowledges our limits while still empowering us to act meaningfully.

In the end, reality may be far stranger than we can grasp. But perhaps our task is not to “know” it fully, but to dance with it wisely—with humility, curiosity, and care.

Hoffman, D. D. (2019). The Case Against Reality: Why Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes. W. W. Norton & Company.